The Models
The Models CHAPTER 4
The Models
The Models CHAPTER 4
1
Models for the impressionists: the family circle

So who are the impressionists’ favourite models? They might be a sister-in-law who’s an artist herself, children playing, women with parasols…

 

As we’ve already seen, these modern artists stand against academic painting: it’s no longer about depicting historical heroes or ancient deities! On the contrary; impressionist works feature realistic, familiar, everyday subjects.

 

And as it’s easier (and cheaper) to get your own family to pose for you than hire professional models, it’s members of the painters’ circle (especially their children) who are enlisted. Let’s invade their privacy for a moment…

Mary Cassatt, Portrait of Miss C. Lydia Cassatt, end of the 19th century,
oil on canvas, 92 x 65 cm, Petit Palais, musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn / Agence Bulloz
In a nutshell

The impressionists often use family members as their models.

2
Various family models
Claude Monet, In the Woods at Giverny (Suzanne lisant et Blanche peignant), 1887,
huile sur toile, 91 x 97 cm, Musée d’Art du comté de Los Angeles

Let’s go and meet some of the impressionists’ models! And to do so, let’s take a look at their family circles:

 

What with his two sons and six stepchildren, there’s always a whole swarm of kids frolicking in the garden in Giverny with Claude Monet and his second wife Alice Hoschedé! The artist has a slight preference for his stepdaughter Blanche, whom he’s teaching to paint.

Berthe Morisot, Eugène Manet and his daughter in the garden at Bougival, 1883,
huile sur toile, 60 x 73 cm, collection particulière

Married to Eugène Manet (the painter Édouard Manet’s brother), Berthe Morisot dotes on her only daughter Julie, whom she paints many times.

Camille Pissarro, Portrait of Lucien Pissarro, 1875,
huile sur toile, 28 x 23 cm, collection particulière

Camille Pissarro is a loving father who’s training his eight children to become accomplished artists! Sadly, he lost several daughters when they were very young.

Pierre Bonnard, Auguste and Jean Renoir, vers 1916,
épreuve au gélatino-bromure d’argent, 10,2 x 7,6 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Hervé Lewandowski

Auguste Renoir is the caring father of three sons, all of whom will make careers in art and cinema. He’s 60 years old when his youngest son, Claude, is born.

In a nutshell

As well as painting their children, several impressionist painters train them to become artists.

3
Depicting parenthood

In all families, the birth of a child turns everyday life upside-down… If the parents are artists, it’s also reflected in their art!

 

The impressionist painters, including Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet and Berthe Morisot, regularly depict their babies in their works, reflecting the joys and challenges of parenthood alike.

 

As for Berthe Morisot, she paints her sister watching over her daughter with tenderness and a touch of melancholy. She keeps this cherished painting all her life!

Auguste Renoir, Maternité, 1885,
huile sur toile, 92 x 72 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Hervé Lewandowski
Claude Monet, Jean Monet dans son berceau, 1867,
huile sur toile, 116 x 89 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
Berthe Morisot, Le berceau, 1872,
huile sur toile, 56 x 46 cm, Musée d’Oryay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Michel Urtado
In a nutshell

Artists’ children become their parents’ models from the cradle onwards.

4
Child models for artist parents
Claude Monet, Maison de l’artiste à Argenteuil, 1873,
huile sur toile, 60 x 73 cm, Art Institute Chigago
Claude Monet, Le jardin de l’artiste à Vétheuil, 1880,
huile sur toile, 151 x 121 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Camille Pissarro, Dans le Jardin des Mathurins, Pontoise, 1877,
huile sur toile, 165 x 125 cm, collection particulière
Auguste Renoir, Gabrielle et Jean, 1895-1896,
huile sur toile, 65 x 54 cm, Musée de l’Orangerie, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée de l’Orangerie) / Hervé Lewandowski

The impressionist painters also capture childhood’s happy times! Such charming subjects please their customer because they’re fleeting, symbolising the brevity of existence at a time when infant mortality is still high.

 

Monet sometimes depicts his garden as a place of freedom where children can have fun and develop their imaginations, while sometimes it symbolises the adult world, too big for them.

 

In this painting by Pissarro, a little girl is depicted alone, under the watchful eye of an adult.

 

If getting a lively child to pose proves challenging, Renoir has a solution! He could rely on Gabrielle, the children’s nanny, to keep Jean entertained with toys while he painted them.

In a nutshell

Children’s games are fleeting moments captured by the impressionists.

5
Solitary teenagers
Berthe Morisot, Sur un banc au bois de Boulogne, 1894
huile sur toile, 38 x 55 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Hervé Lewandowski
Berthe Morisot, L’hortensia, 1894,
huile sur toile, 73 x 60 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) Musée d’Orsay, Dist. GrandPalaisRmn / Patrice Schmidt

The impressionist painters are also interested in adolescence, a delicate age marked by an emotional transition between childhood and adulthood. And the moments they capture once again fluctuate between joy and melancholy.

 

Berthe Morisot provides us with two visions of this period:

 

  • On the one hand, little Julie reading with her cousin in Bois de Boulogne. Immersed in her world, she puts a certain distance between herself and her mother.
  • On the other, two sisters beautifully complicit as they get ready to go to the ball.

With Gustave Caillebotte, childhood is already a distant memory: hand on hip, the boy he’s depicted is striking an adult pose!

Gustave Caillebotte, Portrait de Camille Daurelle dans le parc de Yerres, 1877,
pastel sur papier, 73 x 60 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) Musée d’Orsay, Dist. GrandPalaisRmn / Patrice Schmidt
In a nutshell

In impressionist works, the world of adolescence is alternately depicted in joyful and melancholy fashion.

6
Julie Manet’s role
Auguste Renoir, Julie Manet, 1887,
huile sur toile, 65 x 53 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Stéphane Maréchalle
Édouard Manet, Sur l’Arrosoir (Julie Manet), 1882,
huile sur toile, 100 x 81 cm, collection particulière
Berthe Morisot, Julie rêveuse, vers 1895,
huile sur toile, 65 x 54 cm, collection particulière
Berthe Morisot, Portrait de Julie Manet, dessinant, 1890,
crayon de couleur bleu sur papier, 19 x 21 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Thierry Le Mage

One of these children is going to devote her life to impressionism: Julie Manet, Berthe Morisot’s daughter.

 

After all, the little girl lives in a world devoted to art: her mother, her uncle Manet and August Renoir paint her more than 70 times! She learns to handle brushes herself at a very early age, thanks to the lessons they give her.

 

As an adult, Julie Manet collects these modern artists’ works. And above all, she fights to get them recognised and exhibited in museums! By doing so, she ensures that her mother and her friends will never be forgotten

In a nutshell

Julie Manet was several painters’ favourite model and devoted her life to passing on the impressionist memory.

7
A new attitude towards models
Édouard Manet, La Prune, vers 1877,
huile sur toile, 73 x 50 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Edgar Degas, Dans un café, 1875-1876,
huile sur toile, 92 x 68 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. (C) GrandPalaisRmn (musée d’Orsay) / Adrien Didierjean

Meanwhile, the impressionists haven’t forgone professional models! But they aren’t turned into idealised figures frozen in static poses, as is the case with academic painters. Through their models, the moderns above all seek to study light and movement.

 

These two paintings bear witness to this. They depict Ellen Andrée, an actress and professional model who often sat for Renoir, Manet, Degas and other artists of the time.

In a nutshell

Whatever their subjects, artists such as Degas and Renoir above all seek to study movement and light.

An episode produced under the academic supervision of Cyrille Sciama and adapted from his lecture “The Impressionist Adventure · The Models”.

In summary, you have discovered:

  • Models for the impressionists: the family circle
  • Depicting parenthood
  • Child models for artist parents
  • Solitary teenagers
  • Julie Manet’s role
  • A new attitude towards models
To practice

What are the impressionist painters’ favourite subjects?

You have to choose an answer

One theme that’s regularly depicted in impressionist paintings is…

You have to choose an answer

Who is the young girl in this painting?

You have to choose an answer

You have unlocked the next chapter in your course The Impressionist Adventure.

CHAPTER 5

Techniques

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