Where and when did Pop Art start? When we think of Pop Art, it’s often American giants like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein that spring to mind. But in fact Pop Art emerged in the 1950s in both the UK and the USA at around the same time.

The Independent Group (London, 1952 – 1955) were painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture.

While artists from The Independent Group in London, such as Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton, and other British artists such as Pauline Boty and Peter Blake were populating their collages with comics, adverts and celebrities, American artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg were also placing everyday objects like flags and newspapers into their work.

What makes Pop Art pop? British artist, writer, and teacher Richard Hamilton gave a pretty good summary above. But what’s all this got to do with still life? The subject matter – everyday objects! While Pop Art borrowed the aesthetic of mass media and mass production, such as the bold colours, clean lines, and the Ben Day dots of comics and product packaging, it also drew on popular objects of the day – which were low–cost and mass–produced.

Andy Warhol, an icon in his own right, transformed ordinary objects into cultural icons, immortalising items like Coca-Cola bottles, Brillo boxes, and Campbell’s soup cans into fully-fledged artworks. His penchant for elevating the mundane to the extraordinary reshaped the artistic landscape, challenging traditional notions of what constituted art.

Warhol’s fascination with repetition and mass production was evident not only in his art but also in his daily routine, consuming Campbell’s soup everyday for 20 years. This penchant for repetition found its artistic expression in techniques like screen printing, enabling Warhol to replicate images with varying colours, mimicking the mass-produced aesthetics of advertising billboards.

By leveraging mechanised processes like screen printing, Warhol blurred the lines between art and commerce, creating works that were not only visually striking but also commercially viable, reflecting his background as a commercial artist and his keen eye for the intersection of art and consumer culture. Yet, Warhol’s multifaceted career, spanning filmmaking, fashion design, and public relations, underscores his complex identity as not merely a machine-like creator, but also a savvy businessman with a diverse array of interests and talents.

Some of the most recognisable works of Pop Art are by American artist Roy Lichtenstein. He is known for taking the style and subjects of cartoons and comics and making them into captivating, large–scale pieces. His work is highly stylised and flat, comes mainly in primary colours, and is, well, very popular!

In the 1970s Lichtenstein explored ideas around “high art” which included traditional kinds of still life. For example, this print includes a “classic” arrangement of fruit which harks back to traditional still life paintings. It also includes a portrait, but is updated to become the kind of stylised woman you would find in a comic, movie, or advert of the time.

Some artists, like the sculptor and graphic artist Claes Oldenburg, made Pop Art–inspired objects on a gigantic scale.

This enormous ice–cream cone, for example, seems to have fallen from the sky and plopped onto the corner of a building in Cologne, Germany.

He made this with his partner Coosje van Broggen with whom he collaborated for over 30 years. His dramatic take on still life objects has been staggering – from soft sculptures of hamburgers and chips to public sculptures across the globe.

Another example of a contemporary artist building on the popularity of Pop is Jeff Koons. His colourful Pop sculptures, like Balloon Dog (Yellow) are characterised by their form – taken from balloons traditionally twisted into the shape of animals by clowns. Imagine a balloon dog blown up to over three meters tall, but instead of rubber, it’s made of polished metal with a dazzling, shiny surface!

There’s no doubt about it, the legacy of Pop Art is massive, and ongoing, with the use of the readymade and continued references to mass production and cultural iconography.

Ai Weiwei is one such artist whose work has even been exhibited alongside Andy Warhol’s, exploring the parallels of their work despite being from different geographical locations and time periods. 

Where Warhol chose Coke bottles to comment on capitalism, Ai Weiwei paints the Coca-Cola logo on an ancient Chinese urn to comment on communism, creating his own subversive symbolism. They both make direct references to Duchamp, Warhol with Screen Test: Marcel Duchamp, 1966 and Ai Weiwei with Hanging Man in Porcelain, a portrait of Duchamp fashioned from a coat hanger. 

And what about Damien Hirst, one of the original YBAs (Young British Artists)? His work and attitude kickstarted a renewed interest in contemporary art following the irreverent and fearless 1988 Freeze exhibition he curated while still a student. Hirst uses humour, irony, and everyday objects in his work, from dead animals cut in half or pickled sharks, to mass-produced Spot Paintings and pharmaceutical packaging.

Hirst’s series The Last Supper is a visual irony on our human relationship with pharmaceuticals. He comments on how we have replaced our faith in religion with our faith in medicine. It makes us think about how much medicine has become part of our regular diets, and how bad our actual diets can be for us. 

His work shares the themes of Dutch 17th century still life paintings, as well as the work of Andy Warhol and the Pop Artists – death, wealth, religion, mortality and consumerism.