3
The porcelain of Jingdezhen

To supply the Forbidden City with crockery and vases, the Ming Emperors founded an imperial factory in Jingdezhen, a town reputed for its production of china.  When the china was for the Court, there was no end to the potters’ talent.

 

That is how decorative techniques developed more than ever under the Ming dynasty. “Willow Pattern” china reached such heights of refinement that it was sold as far away as the Middle East!

Bowl with flower and bird decorations in blue under a transparent overglaze,
Ming dynasty, 1579-1620, blue and white porcelain, 3 x 5 inches, Hallwyl Museum, Stockholm. Photo: Hallwyl Museum / Jens Mohr, CC BY-SA 3.0
Plate with five-clawed dragon decorations,
Ming dynasty, 1522-1566, blue and white porcelain, Far-East Antiquity Museum, Stockholm
Box with inscriptions in Arabic,
Ming dynasty, 1506-1521, blue and white porcelain, Far-East Antiquity Museum, Stockholm
In a nutshell

The imperial china factory produced the famous “Willow Pattern” items so highly prized that they were sold as far away as the Middle East.

2
The Forbidden City
Plan of the Forbidden City

 

When he chose Beijing for his new capital, Yongle decided to build the biggest palace ever: the Forbidden City. He did not take this task lightly; everything was very carefully organized. 

 

The buildings were placed to form a rectangle over 700 metres long. First the public buildings to the South, then the private areas for the Emperor, his family and associates, to the North.

 

With hundreds of buildings, the Forbidden City offered the Emperor everything he needed. For a very good reason – the ruler almost never left his enormous palace!

In a nutshell

The Forbidden City, a gigantic rectangle 700 meters long with almost 10,000 rooms, was the Emperor’s main living quarters.

1
The Ming Emperor Yongle
Portrait of Ming Emperor Yongle,
early 15th century, ink and colour on suspended silk roll, 87 x 59 inches, Taipei Palace National Museum, Taiwan
Ming Yongle
In a nutshell

After setting up his capital in Beijing, Emperor Ming Yongle built the Forbidden City there.

In summary, you have discovered:

  • The Khmer Empire
  • Angkor
  • The Khmer sculpture
  • The main Hindu gods
  • King Jayavarman VII
  • The Bayon Temple
To train

Angkor, is…

You have to choose an answer

This is probably the portrait of…

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The Bayon, Buddhist temple at Angkor Thom includes…

You have to choose an answer

6
The Bayon Temple

In his new capital of Angkor Thom, Jayavarman VII had the Bayon built, a particularly impressive monument. It’s impressiveness is not surprising, since this temple has 59 towers decorated with faces!

General View of Bayon, Angkor, Cambodia, 13th century.
Photo: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 3.0
Face details, Bayon, Angkor, Cambodia,
13th century. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0

But what do they represent? Every theory has been put forward – heads of Buddha or Bodhisattvas, or even portraits of Jayavarman VII watching over his empire. The mystery remains unsolved. 

In a nutshell

In Angkor Thom, Jayavarman VII had the impressive Bayon Temple built, with its 59 towers decorated with sculptures of faces.

5
King Jayavarman VII
Portrait presumed to be Jayavarman VII, Cambodia,
12th-13th century, stoneware, 16 inches, Guimet Museum, Paris Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0

At the beginning of the 13th century, Angkor had its last great king before the empire began to die gradually: Jayavarman VII.
 

In a nutshell

Jayavarman VII, the last great Khmer king, made Buddhism the state religion and built the city of Angkor Thom.

4
The main Hindu gods

This religion was born in India and has three main deities:

Head of the god Brahma,
Phnom Bock, 10 century, stoneware, National Museum of Asian Art, Guimet Museum, Paris. Photo: Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0

Bhrama

 
Distinctive sign: Has four heads
Profession : God of creation
Key fact : His 5th head was cut off by Shiva’s fingernail.

Head of the god Shiva,
Cambodia, late 10th century, stoneware, 13 x 8 x 6.3 inches, Confluences Museum, Lyon. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0

Shiva

 

Distinctive Sign : Has a third eye and a crescent moon adorning his head

Profession : God of destruction

Key fact : Changed his father-in-law into a goat

Head of the god Vishnu,
Phnom Bock, Cambodia, 9th-10th century, stoneware, National Museum of Asian Art, Guimet Museum, Paris. Photo: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, CC BY 2.0

Vishnu

 

Distinctive Sign : Wears a tiara like a sort of crown

Profession : God of preservation

Key fact: Sleeps on a giant snake

In a nutshell

Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu are the main deities in the Hindu religion.

3
The Khmer sculpture
In Khmer territory there is not just architecture…

There are sculptures too!

For a long time, it was influenced by Indian art and many Angkor sculptures represent subjects related to Hindu mythology. This religion, which also came from India, was the Khmer king’s religion for several centuries (There’s more about this next!)

Male divinity with a horse’s head (Vajimukha), Sambor Prei Kuk,

Ramayana, scene showing Ravana, the king of demons in his chariot, bas-relief detail of the battle of Lanka, Angkor Vat,

Vishnu lying on Ananta, West Mebon, Angkor,

In a nutshell

Angkor is also famous for its sculptures, many of which were inspired by the Hindu religion.

2
Angkor

Angkor is not one temple, nor one city, but a 154 square mile site on which several cities have been built, including several impressive monuments!

 

Several capitals in succession have been built in different parts of Angkor.  Each one is home to exceptional temples.

In a nutshell

The gigantic site of Angkor houses the remains of several capitals, each of which had its own temples.

1
The Khmer Empire
The Khmer Empire at the beginning of the 10th century

In 802, the Khmer Empire was founded on the site of Angkor, a fertile plain in what is now Cambodia. So fertile that successive kings reigned there right up to the 15th century!

 

But the conquest of the territory by enemy armies marked the end of the Grand Era of Angkor. The site was gradually abandoned and taken over by the forest.

In a nutshell

The Khmer Empire, founded in Angkor at the beginning of the ninth century, lasted till the 15th century.